منابع مشابه
How Insect Flight Steering Muscles Work
Insights into how exactly a fly powers and controls flight have been hindered by the need to unpick the dynamic complexity of the muscles involved. The wingbeats of insects are driven by two antagonistic groups of power muscles and the force is funneled to the wing via a very complex hinge mechanism. The hinge consists of several hardened and articulated cuticle elements called sclerites. This ...
متن کاملFunction of Insect Flight Muscles
In order to fly, insects require flight muscles that constitute at least 12 to 16% of their total mass, and flight performance increases as this percentage increases. However, flight muscles are energetically and materially expensive to build and maintain, and investment in flight muscles constrains other aspects of function, particularly female fecundity. This review examines ways in which ins...
متن کاملCalcium-Dependent Myosin from Insect Flight Muscles
Calcium regulation of the insect actomyosin ATPase is associated with the thin filaments as in vertebrate muscles, and also with the myosin molecule as in mollusks. This dual regulation is demonstrated using combinations of locust thin filaments with rabbit myosin and locust myosin with rabbit actin; in each case the ATPase of the hybrid actomyosin is calcium dependent. The two regulatory syste...
متن کاملTransport and Utilization of Lipids in Insect Flight Muscles*
In migrating lepidopteran and orthopteran insects, lipid is the preferred fuel for sustained flight activity. Diacylglycerol is delivered by lipophorin to the flight muscle and hydrolyzed to free fatty acid and glycerol. After penetrating the plasma membrane by an unknown mechanism, fatty acids are bound by the intracellular fatty acid binding protein (FABP) and transported through the cytosol....
متن کاملFlight Path Angle Steering with Lambert Guidance Reference
In this paper a new guidance technique for ballistic missiles and launch vehicles is proposed. Generally the Lambert guidance is used to generate missile nominal (correlated) parameters through powered flight to put it in a ballistic flight path. Because of uncertainties and undesired factors, the nominal position and velocity obtained by Lambert technique need to be followed in actual flight. ...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: PLoS Biology
سال: 2014
ISSN: 1545-7885
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001822